Trombosis venosa cerebral / Cerebral venous thrombosis

La trombosis venosa cerebral forma parte de las llamadas trombosis en sitios inusuales. Se define como una oclusión en el territorio venoso cerebral. Su incidencia se encuentra en aumento progresivo, especialmente en países en vías de desarrollo. Se observa con más frecuencia en mujeres jóvenes, siendo los factores hormonales, como el embarazo o la anticoncepción hormonal, factores de riesgo principales en el desarrollo de esta afección. La clínica va a depender fundamentalmente de la topografía de la trombosis, con un diagnóstico de confirmación basado principalmente en las pruebas de imagen. El tratamiento consiste generalmente en la anticoagulación, pudiendo plantearse otras opciones según la gravedad del cuadro. En general, el pronóstico es mejor que el de otros trastornos vasculares intracraneales. En esta revisión se describe la evidencia actual disponible acerca de la trombosis venosa cerebral.(AU)

Cerebral venous thrombosis is part of the so-called thrombosis in unusual sites. It is defined as an occlusion in the cerebral venous territory. Its incidence is progressively increasing, especially in developing countries. It is more frequently observed in young women, with hormonal factors such as pregnancy or hormonal contraception being significant risk factors in the development of this condition. The clinical presentation will depend fundamentally on the topography of the thrombosis, with a confirmatory diagnosis based mainly on imaging tests. The treatment generally consists of anticoagulation, and other options may be considered depending on the severity of the case. Overall, the prognosis is better than that of other intracranial vascular disorders. This review describes the current evidence available regarding cerebral venous thrombosis.(AU)

Manejo de la trombosis venosa cerebral en España: estudio descriptivo MOTIVATE / Management of cerebral venous thrombosis in Spain: MOTIVATE descriptive study

Introducción: La trombosis venosa cerebral (TVC) es una causa poco común de ictus que afecta principalmente a adultos jóvenes. Un diagnóstico precoz y preciso puede reducir la tasa y gravedad de las complicaciones. Objetivo: Analizar las características clínicas, manejo y tratamiento de la TVC en diferentes centros de nuestro país. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo multicéntrico de pacientes hospitalizados por TVC entre 2008 y 2017 en 11 centros sanitarios en nuestro país. Resultados: Se incluyeron 256 pacientes, edad media 49,8 ± 18,7 años y el 51% fueron mujeres. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron: cefalea (73%), déficits focales (50%), crisis epilépticas (33%) y encefalopatía (21%). Las localizaciones más frecuentes fueron: seno longitudinal superior (12,5%), transverso (10,9%) y afectación de dos o más senos o venas (66,4%). La etiología conocida más frecuente fue la trombofilia (24%), siendo la mutación de la protrombina G20210A la más común (19%). El 46% fue tratado con antitrombóticos durante 3-6 meses, el 21% durante un año y un 22,6% de los pacientes requirieron anticoagulación indefinida. En un 5% de los sujetos fue preciso terapia endovascular y un 33% requirió neurocirugía. En relación al pronóstico, el 75% fueron independientes a los 3 meses con una puntuación en la escala de Rankin modificada (mRS) ≤ 2 y la presencia de papiledema (p = 0,03), déficit focal (p = 0,001) y encefalopatía (p < 0,001) se relacionaron significativamente con mal pronóstico (mRS > 3). La tasa de mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 4,3% y el 6,3% de los pacientes fallecieron a los 3 meses. Conclusión:La diversidad de factores de riesgo y la presentación variable suponen un desafío en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la TVC. Para mejorar el pronóstico y reducir la mortalidad es fundamental la instauración de protocolos en el manejo de esta patología.(AU)

Introduction: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon cause of stroke that mainly affects young adults. Early, accurate diagnosis can reduce the rate and severity of complications. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical characteristics, management, and treatment of CVT in different centres in Spain. Methods: We conducted a multicentre, retrospective, descriptive study of patients hospitalised due to CVT between 2008 and 2017 at 11 Spanish centres. Results: We included 256 patients, with a mean age (SD) of 49.8 (18.7) years; 51% of patients were women. The most frequent symptoms were headache (73%), focal deficits (50%), epileptic seizures (33%), and encephalopathy (21%). The most frequent localisations were the superior sagittal sinus (12.5%), the transverse sinus (10.9%), and 2 or more sinuses or veins (66.4%). Thrombophilia was the most frequent known aetiology (24%), and was most commonly associated with the prothrombin G20210A mutation (19%). Forty-six percent of patients were treated with antithrombotics for 3-6 months, 21% for one year, and 22.6% required indefinite anticoagulation. Endovascular therapy was performed in 5% of cases, and 33% required neurosurgery. Regarding outcomes, 75% of patients were independent at 3 months (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score ≤ 2), with papilloedema (P = .03), focal deficits (P = .001), and encephalopathy (P < .001) showing a statistically significant association with poor prognosis (mRS > 3). The in-hospital mortality rate was 4.3%, with a 3-month mortality rate of 6.3%. Conclusion: The diverse risk factors and variable presentation of CVT represent a challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. To improve prognosis and reduce mortality, it is essential to establish management protocols for this entity.(AU)

Cerebral venous thrombosis.

Cerebral venous thrombosis is part of the so-called thrombosis in unusual sites. It is defined as an occlusion in the cerebral venous territory. Its incidence is progressively increasing, especially in developing countries. It is more frequently observed in young women, with hormonal factors such as pregnancy or hormonal contraception being significant risk factors in the development of this condition. The clinical presentation will depend fundamentally on the topography of the thrombosis, with a confirmatory diagnosis based mainly on imaging tests. The treatment generally consists of anticoagulation, and other options may be considered depending on the severity of the case. Overall, the prognosis is better than that of other intracranial vascular disorders. This review describes the current evidence available regarding cerebral venous thrombosis.

Prognosis of patients with severe cerebral venous thrombosis treated with decompressive craniectomy / Pronóstico en pacientes con trombosis venosa cerebral severa tratada con craniectomía descompresiva

Introduction: Despite the highly favorable prognosis, mortality occurs in nearly 2% of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), in which decompressive craniectomy (DC) may be the only way to save the patient's life. The aim of this report is to describe the risk factors, neuroimaging features, in-hospital complications and functional outcome of severe CVT in patients treated with DC. Materials and methods: Consecutive malignant CVT cases treated with DC from a retrospective third-level hospital database were analyzed. Demographic, clinical, and functional outcomes were analyzed. Results: Twenty-six patients were included (20 female, age 35.4 ± 12.1 years); 53.8% of the patients had acute CVT, with neurological focalization as the most common symptom in 92.3% of the patients. Superior sagittal sinus thromboses were found in 84.6% of cases. Bilateral lesions were present in 10 patients (38.5%). Imaging on admission showed a parenchymal lesion (venous infarction ± hemorrhagic lesion) > 6 cm measured along the longest diameter in 25 patients (96.2%). Mean duration of clinical neurological deterioration was 3.5 days; eleven patients (42.3%) died during hospitalization. Conclusion: In patients with severe forms of CVT, we found higher mortality than previously reported. DC is an effective life-saving treatment with acceptable functional prognosis for survivors.(AU)

Introducción: A pesar del pronóstico favorable en pacientes con trombosis venosa cerebral (TVC), cerca de un 2% de estos pacientes fallecen, para los cuales la craniectomía descompresiva (CD) puede ser una opción terapéutica. El objetivo de este artículo es describir los factores de riesgo, las características de las neuroimágenes, complicaciones hospitalarias y evolución funcional, de pacientes con TVC severa tratados con CD. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron características demográficas, clínicas y funcionales de casos consecutivos de TVC severa tratados con CD, a partir de una base de datos retrospectiva de un hospital de tercer nivel. Resultados: Veintiséis pacientes fueron incluidos (20 mujeres, media de edad 35,4 ±12,1 años); un 53,8% de los pacientes presentaron una TVC aguda, con manifestaciones neurológicas focales como el síntoma más frecuente en el 92,3% de los casos. La trombosis del seno sagital superior estuvo presente en el 84,6% y se presentaron lesiones bilaterales parenquimatosas en 10 pacientes (38,5%). La imagen al ingreso demostró lesiones parenquimatosas (infarto venoso ± lesión hemorrágica) > 6 cm (medida en el mayor diámetro de la misma), en 25 pacientes (96,2%). La duración media del deterioro neurológico fue de 3,5 días; 11 pacientes (42,3%) murieron durante la hospitalización. Conclusión: En pacientes con formas severas de TVC encontramos una mayor mortalidad que la publicada previamente; la CD podría ser una opción terapéutica en ese grupo de pacientes.(AU)

Prognosis of patients with severe cerebral venous thrombosis treated with decompressive craniectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the highly favorable prognosis, mortality occurs in nearly 2% of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), in which decompressive craniectomy (DC) may be the only way to save the patient's life. The aim of this report is to describe the risk factors, neuroimaging features, in-hospital complications and functional outcome of severe CVT in patients treated with DC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive malignant CVT cases treated with DC from a retrospective third-level hospital database were analyzed. Demographic, clinical, and functional outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were included (20 female, age 35.4±12.1 years); 53.8% of the patients had acute CVT, with neurological focalization as the most common symptom in 92.3% of the patients. Superior sagittal sinus thromboses were found in 84.6% of cases. Bilateral lesions were present in 10 patients (38.5%). Imaging on admission showed a parenchymal lesion (venous infarction±hemorrhagic lesion)>6cm measured along the longest diameter in 25 patients (96.2%). Mean duration of clinical neurological deterioration was 3.5 days; eleven patients (42.3%) died during hospitalization. CONCLUSION: In patients with severe forms of CVT, we found higher mortality than previously reported. DC is an effective life-saving treatment with acceptable functional prognosis for survivors.

Trombosis venosa y de senos cerebrales en recién nacidos y niños / Venous and cerebral sinus thrombosis in newborns and children

Resumen Introducción : La trombosis de venas y senos venosos cerebrales (TVSC) constituye una causa conocida, aun que subestimada de ictus en la infancia. Su diagnóstico requiere un alto índice de sospecha, una correcta in terpretación de la neuroimagen e interrelación entre el clínico y el radiólogo. Objetivo : Analizar las manifestaciones clínicas, fac tores de riesgo y neuroimagen de recién nacidos (RN) y niños menores de 15 años con TVSC. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, multi céntrico, de una serie consecutiva de casos de menores de 15 años que ingresaron por TVSC entre el 1 de enero del 2010 y el 1 de marzo de 2022. Resultados : El estudio incluyó 51 pacientes: 39% con síntomas agudos y 59% subagudos. En los RN predomi naron síntomas encefalopáticos y convulsiones, mien tras en los niños elementos de hipertensión endocranea na (HTEC). Se identificaron factores de riesgo en el 90% de los casos. La resonancia magnética con angiografía en tiempo venoso confirmó el diagnóstico en el 80%, siendo el seno recto el más afectado en RN y el seno lateral en niños. Se encontraron complicaciones hemorrágicas en 30.5%, siendo más frecuentes en los RN. Se inició anti coagulación en el 82% sin complicaciones. Las secuelas estuvieron presentes en 44.4% de RN y 37.9% de niños, siendo más frecuentes y graves en los RN. Conclusiones : Para realizar un diagnóstico precoz es fundamental pensar en TVSC en RN con síntomas en cefalopáticos y/o convulsiones y en mayores con clínica de HTEC en presencia de enfermedades predisponentes o desencadenantes.

Abstract Introduction : Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a well-known, although underestimated, cause of stroke in childhood. Its diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, a correct interpretation of neuroim aging studies and an interrelation between clinicians and radiologists. The clinical features, risk factors and neuroimaging of children under 15 years of age with CVST were analyzed. Methods : multicenter, retrospective, descriptive, study of a consecutive series of cases of children under 15 years of age, who were admitted due to CVST between January 1st, 2010, and March 1st, 2022. Results : The study included 51 patients: 39% with acute symptoms and 59% with subacute symptoms. Newborns predominantly presented encephalopathic symptoms and seizures, while children exhibited signs of intracranial hypertension (ICH). Risk factors were 96 identified in 90% of the cases. Magnetic resonance with angiography in venous time confirmed the diagnosis in 80% of the patients, with the straight sinus being the most affected in newborns and the lateral sinus in chil dren. Hemorrhagic complications were found in 30.5%, being more frequent in newborns. Anticoagulation was initiated in 82% without complications. Sequelae were present in 44.4% of newborns and 37.9% of children, being more frequent and severe in newborns. Conclusions : To make an early diagnosis, it is essen tial to consider CVST in newborns with encephalopathic symptoms and/or seizures, and in children with signs of ICH in the presence of predisposing or triggering conditions.

Trombosis venosa cerebral en adultos: cohorte de 35 casos de un hospital terciario / Cerebral venous thrombosis in adults: A case series of 35 patients from a tertiary hospital

Objetivos Describir las características basales, de presentación clínica, de imagen y evolución e identificar potenciales factores pronósticos en una cohorte de pacientes con trombosis venosa cerebral (TVC). Pacientes y métodos Estudio observacional retrospectivo, unicéntrico, que incluye a pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de TVC desde enero 2016 hasta diciembre 2020. Las variables fueron recogidas a través de la historia clínica electrónica. Resultados Se incluyeron 35 pacientes con una edad media al diagnóstico de 50,3 (±17,8) años, siendo la mayoría mujeres (74,4%). El 95% de los pacientes presentaba al menos un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de TVC. El 97,1% recibió tratamiento anticoagulante con heparinas en la fase aguda, en su mayoría heparina de bajo peso molecular (75%). El evento compuesto (muerte, ingreso en unidad de cuidados intensivos, National institute of Health Stroke Scale al alta >3, recurrencia de TVC, hemorragia mayor, o la presencia de complicaciones) en las primeras dos semanas ocurrió en el 28,6%. El seguimiento medio fue de 3,3 años, durante el cual el 14,3% falleció (solo un paciente en relación con la TVC), un paciente presentó hemorragia mayor y ningún paciente presentó recurrencia de TVC. Conclusiones En nuestra cohorte, la TVC afectó con mayor frecuencia a mujeres jóvenes, y ocurrió en pacientes con al menos un factor de riesgo para TVC. La presencia de edema en la tomografía computarizada y el tratamiento con corticosteroides asociaron un peor pronóstico a corto plazo. Se observó un buen pronóstico a largo plazo en términos de mortalidad, recurrencia y sangrado (AU)

Objective To describe the baseline characteristics, clinical presentation, imaging tests and outcomes, and identify potential prognostic factors in a cohort of patients diagnosed with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Patients and methods This retrospective, single-center, observational study included adult patients diagnosed with CVT from January 2016 to December 2020. The variables were reviewed using electronic medical records. Results A total of 35 patients were included, with a median age at diagnosis of 50.3 (± 17.8) years, and the majority being women (74.4%). Nearly 95% of the patients presented at least one risk factor for the development of CVT. Heparins were used for the acute phase in 97.1% of cases, with 75% of those being low molecular weight heparins. During the first two weeks, a compound event (death, intensive care unit admission, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale at discharge >3, CVT recurrence, major bleeding, or the presence of complications) occurred in 28.6% of patients (10 patients). Over the mean follow-up period of 3.3 years, 14.3% of the patients died (with only one death attributed to CVT), one patient experienced major bleeding, and no patients had a recurrence of CVT. Conclusions In our cohort, CVT predominantly affected young women with at least one risk factor for its development. The presence of edema on CT and corticosteroid treatment were associated with a poor short-term prognosis. However, we observed a favorable long-term prognosis in terms of mortality, recurrence, and bleeding (AU)

Management of cerebral venous thrombosis in Spain: MOTIVATE descriptive study.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon cause of stroke that mainly affects young adults. Early, accurate diagnosis can reduce the rate and severity of complications. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical characteristics, management, and treatment of CVT in different centres in Spain. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre, retrospective, descriptive study of patients hospitalised due to CVT between 2008 and 2017 at 10 Spanish centres. RESULTS: We included 256 patients, with a mean age (SD) of 49.8 (18.7) years; 51% of patients were women. The most frequent symptoms were headache (73%), focal deficits (50%), epileptic seizures (33%), and encephalopathy (21%). The most frequent localisations were the superior sagittal sinus (12.5%), the transverse sinus (10.9%), and 2 or more sinuses or veins (66.4%). Thrombophilia was the most frequent known aetiology (24%), and was most commonly associated with the prothrombin G20210A mutation (19%). Forty-six percent of patients were treated with antithrombotics for 3 to 6 months, 21% for one year, and 22.6% required indefinite anticoagulation. Endovascular therapy was performed in 5% of cases, and 33% required neurosurgery. Regarding outcomes, 75% of patients were independent at 3 months (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score ≤ 2), with papilloedema (P =  .03), focal deficits (P = .001), and encephalopathy (P < .001) showing a statistically significant association with poor prognosis (mRS > 3). The in-hospital mortality rate was 4.3%, with a 3-month mortality rate of 6.3%. CONCLUSION: The diverse risk factors and variable presentation of CVT represent a challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. To improve prognosis and reduce mortality, it is essential to establish management protocols for this entity.

Cerebral venous thrombosis in adults: a case series of 35 patients from a tertiary hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the baseline characteristics, clinical presentation, imaging tests and outcomes, and identify potential prognostic factors in a cohort of patients diagnosed with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective, single-center, observational study included adult patients diagnosed with CVT from January 2016 to December 2020. The variables were reviewed using electronic medical records. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients were included, with a median age at diagnosis of 50.3 (+/- 17.8) years, and the majority being women (74.4%). Nearly 95% of the patients presented at least one risk factor for the development of CVT. Heparins were used for the acute phase in 97.1% of cases, with 75% of those being low molecular weight heparins.During the first two weeks, a compound event (death, intensive care unit admission, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale at discharge >3, CVT recurrence, major bleeding, or the presence of complications) occurred in 28.6% of patients (10 patients).Over the mean follow-up period of 3.3 years, 14.3% of the patients died (with only one death attributed to CVT), one patient experienced major bleeding, and no patients had a recurrence of CVT. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, CVT predominantly affected young women with at least one risk factor for its development. The presence of edema on CT and corticosteroid treatment were associated with a poor short-term prognosis. However, we observed a favorable long-term prognosis in terms of mortality, recurrence, and bleeding.

Trombosis venosa cerebral: una etiología rara / Cerebral Venous Thrombosis – A Rare Etiology

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is an immune-mediated disease that courses with thrombocytopenia. Eltrombopag is a thrombopoietin receptor agonist used as a second-line treatment for this disease to increase platelet count. The association of this drug with thrombotic events is known, however, with few cases of venous sinus thrombosis described in the literature. We present a 26-year-old female with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura diagnosed at the of age 14, splenectomized and previously treated with immunoglobulins, corticosteroids, and rituximab, with no response, who was started on oral estroprogestative and eltrombopag, with multiple dose increases, for 3 months. She was admitted to the emergency room with a 3-day history of severe frontal headache, with phono and photophobia, nausea, vomiting, and confusion. Physical examination was remarkable only for mild paraphasias, anomalous pauses, and difficulty in reading. Routine labs showed mild thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and elevated C-reactive Protein. She performed a brain computerized tomography and magnetic resonance that demonstrated extensive venous sinus thrombosis. She was admitted to the ward with eltrombopag suspension and enoxaparin 1mg/kg bid. Increasing thrombocytosis was observed for nine days, with a subsequent decrease to normal levels. Sequenced cerebral tomography showed hemorrhage reabsorption. At discharge, there was no improvement of neurological deficits and dabigatran 150mg bid was started for secondary prophylaxis. (AU)

La púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática es una enfermedad inmunomediada que cursa con trombocitopenia. Eltrombopag es un agonista del receptor de trombopoyetina que se utiliza como tratamiento de segunda línea de esta enfermedad para aumentar el recuento de plaquetas. Sin embargo, se conoce la asociación de este fármaco con acontecimientos trombóticos, con pocos casos de trombosis del seno venoso descritos en la literatura. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 26 años con púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática diagnosticada a los 14 años, esplenectomizada y tratada previamente con inmunoglobulinas, corticoides y rituximab, sin respuesta, a la que se inició tratamiento con estroprogestativos orales y eltrombopag, con múltiples incrementos de dosis, durante 3 meses. Ingresó en urgencias con un cuadro de 3 días de evolución de cefalea frontal intensa, con fono y fotofobia, náuseas, vómitos y confusión. En la exploración física sólo destacaban parafasias leves,pausas anómalas y dificultad para leer. Los análisis de rutina mostraron trombocitopenia leve, leucocitosis y proteína C reactiva elevada. Se le realizó una tomografía computarizada cerebral y una resonancia magnética que demostraron una extensa trombosis del seno venoso. Fue ingresada en planta con eltrombopag en suspensión y enoxaparina 1mg/kg bid. Se observó un aumento de la trombocitosis durante nueve días, con una disminución posterior a niveles normales. La tomografía cerebral secuenciada mostró reabsorción de la hemorragia. Al alta, no hubo mejoría de los déficits neurológicos y se inició dabigatrán 150mg bid para profilaxis secundaria. (AU)

Reporte de caso: trombosis cerebral en el embarazo / Case report: cerebral thrombosis in pregnancy

La trombosis venosa cerebral en el embarazo se manifiesta como un accidente vascular cerebral de tipo venoso, infrecuente. El diagnóstico y tratamiento anticoagulante precoz disminuye la morbimortalidad. El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es describir los signos, síntomas y estudios complementarios que guiaron al diagnóstico y tratamiento del caso, trombosis cerebral en el embarazo, de una paciente en el consultorio Conmed, La Paz ­ Bolivia, en el año 2021. El caso trata de una mujer de 32 años de edad en periodo de gestación, refiere presentar hace 1 semana cefalea, náuseas y vómitos, presenta desvanecimiento quedando somnolienta, el examen físico indica compromiso neurológico, motivo de su internación. El hemograma reporta anemia; la TC y RM de cráneo imagen nodular focal hipodensa en región frontal derecha y área hiperintensa en seno longitudinal superior, respectivamente; indicando sospecha de trombosis venosa del seno longitudinal superior. Se empieza tratamiento profiláctico con enoxaparina evolucionando favorablemente. Se realiza una venorresonancia confirmando el diagnostico, continuando tratamiento con enoxaparina. Las manifestaciones clínicas son diversas, siendo las más comunes: Cefalea, náuseas, vómitos. El criterio estándar para diagnosticar trombosis venosa cerebral es la combinación de imagen por resonancia magnética y la venografía por resonancia magnética. La anticoagulación (enoxaparina) es la terapia de primera línea en el manejo de trombosis venosa cerebral en el embarazo. En conclusión, la trombosis venosa cerebral es una entidad infrecuente, con manifestaciones clínicas variables; la tomografía, resonancia magnética, venorresonancia determinan el diagnóstico definitivo y la anticoagulación (enoxaparina) es el tratamiento de primera línea.

Trombosis de senos venosos cerebrales una manifestación extrapulmonar de COVID-19: Reporte de caso / Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, an extrapulmonary manifestation of COVID-19: A case report

Resumen La trombosis de senos venosos cerebrales es un evento infrecuente en la población pediátrica y sus manifestaciones clínicas pueden variar dependiendo de la localización y extensión de la lesión, etiología o grupo etario (1); así mismo, la asociación de esta patología con virus es poco común, sin embargo, se han repor tado casos de trombosis de senos venosos en pacientes adultos con SARS-CoV-2 en relación con los mecanismos de lesión endotelial y respuesta inflamatoria que desencadena mecanismos procoagulantes. A continuación se presenta el primer caso reportado en Colombia de un caso de trombosis venosa cerebral en un lactante previamente sano, que debuta con un cuadro infeccioso gastrointestinal que resuelve y una semana después se presenta con cefalea y paralisis del VI par craneal derecho. Se documentó por angioto mografía trombosis del seno venoso sagital con extensión a senos transversos; los laboratorios fueron negativos para otras causas sistémicas y con prueba de anticuerpos para coronavirus positiva.

Abstract Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is infrequent in the pediatric population and its clinical manifestations may vary depending on the anatomical location and the extent of the lesion, etiology or age group(1). The association of this pathology with viruses is uncommon, however, cases in adults with SARS-Cov2 have been reported triggered by procoagulant mechanisms due to endothelial injury and inflammatory response. The following article is the first reported case in Colombia of cerebral venous thrombosis in a previously healthy child, who debuted with gastrointestinal infectious disease and a week later with headache and sixth right cranial nerve palsy . The diagnosis of sagittal venous sinus thrombosis with extension to transverse sinuses was documented in a computed tomography angiography; laboratories for systemic diseases were negative and antibodies for coronavirus were positive.

Management of cerebral venous thrombosis in Spain: MOTIVATE descriptive study. / Manejo de la trombosis venosa cerebral en España: estudio descriptivo MOTIVATE.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon cause of stroke that mainly affects young adults. Early, accurate diagnosis can reduce the rate and severity of complications. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical characteristics, management, and treatment of CVT in different centres in Spain. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre, retrospective, descriptive study of patients hospitalised due to CVT between 2008 and 2017 at 11 Spanish centres. RESULTS: We included 256 patients, with a mean age (SD) of 49.8 (18.7) years; 51% of patients were women. The most frequent symptoms were headache (73%), focal deficits (50%), epileptic seizures (33%), and encephalopathy (21%). The most frequent localisations were the superior sagittal sinus (12.5%), the transverse sinus (10.9%), and 2 or more sinuses or veins (66.4%). Thrombophilia was the most frequent known aetiology (24%), and was most commonly associated with the prothrombin G20210A mutation (19%). Forty-six percent of patients were treated with antithrombotics for 3-6 months, 21% for one year, and 22.6% required indefinite anticoagulation. Endovascular therapy was performed in 5% of cases, and 33% required neurosurgery. Regarding outcomes, 75% of patients were independent at 3 months (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score ≤ 2), with papilloedema (P=.03), focal deficits (P=.001), and encephalopathy (P <.001) showing a statistically significant association with poor prognosis (mRS> 3). The in-hospital mortality rate was 4.3%, with a 3-month mortality rate of 6.3%. CONCLUSION: The diverse risk factors and variable presentation of CVT represent a challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. To improve prognosis and reduce mortality, it is essential to establish management protocols for this entity.

Prognosis of patients with severe cerebral venous thrombosis treated with decompressive craniectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the highly favorable prognosis, mortality occurs in nearly 2% of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), in which decompressive craniectomy (DC) may be the only way to save the patient's life. The aim of this report is to describe the risk factors, neuroimaging features, in-hospital complications and functional outcome of severe CVT in patients treated with DC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive malignant CVT cases treated with DC from a retrospective third-level hospital database were analyzed. Demographic, clinical, and functional outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were included (20 female, age 35.4±12.1 years); 53.8% of the patients had acute CVT, with neurological focalization as the most common symptom in 92.3% of the patients. Superior sagittal sinus thromboses were found in 84.6% of cases. Bilateral lesions were present in 10 patients (38.5%). Imaging on admission showed a parenchymal lesion (venous infarction±hemorrhagic lesion)>6cm measured along the longest diameter in 25 patients (96.2%). Mean duration of clinical neurological deterioration was 3.5 days; eleven patients (42.3%) died during hospitalization. CONCLUSION: In patients with severe forms of CVT, we found higher mortality than previously reported. DC is an effective life-saving treatment with acceptable functional prognosis for survivors.

Imitador De Ictus Debido A Trombosis Venosa Cerebral / Stroke Mimic Due To Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

RESUMEN Introducción: Un imitador de ictus es toda aquella patología no vascular que se presenta como un ictus isquémico agudo. La presentación clínica, factores epidemiológicos, el tiempo de inicio, la distribución vascular y la disponibilidad de pruebas de imagen, son factores que ayudan a diferenciarlos. Caso clínico: Presentamos un caso, de una mujer de la tercera edad que fue llevada a urgencias por hemiparesia izquierda de cinco horas de evolución. La evolución clínica y las pruebas complementarias permitieron excluir el diagnóstico de ictus isquémico agudo. La semiología fue explicada por una parálisis de Todd prolongada que se comportó como imitador de ictus en la fase aguda y las crisis epilépticas se produjeron en el contexto de una trombosis venosa cerebral. Comentarios: Los imitadores de ictus, al contrario del ictus isquémico agudo, ocurren en pacientes más jóvenes, tienen menos factores de riesgo vascular, menor puntuación de NIHSS, menos afasia y disfagia. Las principales causas son crisis epilépticas y síncopes. Deben considerarse también migrañas, neoplasias, alteraciones tóxicas o metabólicas, encefalopatías y trastornos funcionales. Realizar un estudio neurovascular completo y pruebas dirigidas nos permitirán el diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: A stroke mimic is any non-vascular pathology that presents as an acute ischemic stroke. The clinical presentation, the epidemiological factors, the time to onset, vascular distribution and the availability of imaging tests are factors that help to differentiate them. Case report: We present a case, of a woman of the third age who was taken to the emergency department due to a five-hour history of left hemiparesis. The clinical evolution and the supplementary tests allowed to exclude the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke. The semiology was explained by a prolonged Todd's palsy that behaved as a stroke mimic at the acute phase and the seizures occurred in the context of a cerebral venous thrombosis. Comments: Stroke mimics, in contrast to acute ischemic stroke, occur in younger patients, have fewer vascular risk factors, lower NIHSS score, less aphasia and dysphagia. The main causes are seizures and syncope. Migraines, neoplasms, toxic or metabolic alterations, encephalopathies and functional disorders should also be considered. To perform a complete neurovascular study and directed tests will allow us to make the diagnosis.

Trombosis venosa cerebral en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neurológicos del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía / Brain venous thrombosis in the unit of neurological intensive care of the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery / Trombose venosa cerebral na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neurológica do Instituto Nacional de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia

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Abstract: Cerebral venous thrombosis (TVC) is a potentially devastating state that occurs in young adults, especially women. Less frequent subtype of cerebral vascular disease (EVC), represented only 0.5% in EVC patients. Headache is the most common symptom common. It requires an accurate diagnosis since the pathophysiology and treatment differ from the arterial EVC. The understanding of the risk factors is the key to the prognosis of the TVC. Objective: To determine the prevalence, the main clinical, radiological findings and prognosis of TVC in Neurological Intensive Care Unit. Material and methods: Retrospective, longitudinal and analytical study of an observational nature. All patients admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit of the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery (INNN) with the diagnosis of TVC from January 2010 to July 2019 confirmed by venous phase computed tomography (vein CT) and/or vein were considered MRI (vein MRI), which will have clinical information and cabinet studies, as well as, the evolution, treatment and prognosis at hospital discharge. Results: Of a total of 14 patients, with an average age of 33 years of age. Of which 85.72% (n = 12) were women and 14.28 (n = 2) were men. Headache occurred 50% of cases. The main predisposing cause for TVC was the use of oral contraceptives in 6 patients (42.85%) and puerperium in three patients (21.42%). The delay in diagnosis was an average of 48 hours. The imaging method used for diagnosis in 64.28% of those with computed tomography in venous phase and in 37.71% with vein magnetic resonance. The upper longitudinal sinus was the most affected in 50% of cases. The average stay in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) was seven days, where 100% of patients received anticoagulation. Three patients (21.4%) developed intracranial hypertension who underwent decompressive craniectomy between the second and fifth day of stay. The days of mechanical ventilation on average were seven days. With an average hospital stay of 20 days. Mortality at hospital discharge was 21.42%. Conclusions: TVC is less frequent than ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage. The spectrum of the clinic is broad, with pivotal headache. The confirmation of the diagnosis must be performed with CT vein and/or RM vein. The therapeutic intervention within the acute phase is aimed at the recanalization of the thrombosed sinus or sinuses and the prevention of complications; anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin is the first-line treatment, which has shown an impact on the prognosis of patients. We must keep in mind that thrombolysis and thrombectomy are an option in treatment. In the case of decompressive craniectomy, it is indicated only in cases of malignant venous infarctions. The results after TVC are generally favorable, they also depend on the patient's factors, such as sex and the specific risk factors of women.

Resumo: Trombose venosa cerebral (TVC) é um estado potencialmente devastador que ocorre em adultos jovens, especialmente mulheres. Subtipo menos frequente do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), representou apenas 0.5% nos pacientes com AVC. Cefaléia é o sintoma mais comum. Exige um diagnóstico preciso, pois a fisiopatologia e o tratamento diferem da AVC arterial, e a compreensão dos fatores de risco é a chave para o prognóstico da TVC. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência, os principais achados clínicos, radiológicos e prognósticos da TVC na unidade de terapia intensiva neurológica. Material e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, longitudinal e analítico de natureza observacional. Todos os pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva neurológica do Instituto Nacional de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia (INNN) com diagnóstico de TVC de janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2019 confirmados por tomografia computadorizada de fase venosa (Veno-TC) e/ou veno ressonância magnética (veno-RM), que contaram com informações clínicas e estudos de gabinete, bem como a evolução, tratamento e prognóstico na alta hospitalar. Resultados: Do total de 14 pacientes, com idade média de 33 anos. Dos quais 85.72% (n = 12) eram mulheres e 14.28 (n = 2) eram homens. A cefaléia ocorreu em 50% dos casos. A principal causa predisponente para TVC foi o uso de contraceptivos orais em 6 pacientes (42.85%) e puerpério em 3 pacientes (21.42%). O atraso no diagnóstico foi em média de 48 horas. O método de imagem utilizado para o diagnóstico em 64.28% daqueles com tomografia computadorizada na fase venosa e em 37.71% com veno ressonância magnética. O seio sagital superior foi o mais acometido em 50% dos casos. A permanência média na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) foi de 7 dias, onde 100% dos pacientes receberam anticoagulação. Três pacientes (21.4%) desenvolveram hipertensão intracraniana submetidos a craniectomia descompressiva entre o segundo e o quinto dia de internação. Os dias de ventilação mecânica foram em média 7 dias. Com internação média de 20 dias. A mortalidade na alta hospitalar foi de 21.42%. Conclusões: A TVC é menos frequente que o AVC isquêmico ou hemorragia intracerebral. O espectro da clínica é amplo, tendo como sintoma principal cefaléia. A confirmação do diagnóstico deve ser realizada com veno TC e/ou veno RM. A intervenção terapêutica na fase aguda visa à recanalização do seio ou seios trombosados e à prevenção de complicações; a anticoagulação com heparina de baixo peso molecular é o tratamento de primeira linha que demonstrou um impacto no prognóstico dos pacientes. Devemos ter em mente que trombólise e trombectomia são uma opção no tratamento. No caso da craniectomia descompressiva, é indicado apenas em casos de infartos venosos malignos. Os resultados após o TVC são geralmente favoráveis, também dependem de fatores do paciente, como sexo e fatores de risco específicos da mulher.

Trombosis venosa cerebral: lo que hay que saber / Venous cerebral thrombosis: What you need to know

Resumen La trombosis venosa cerebral representa 0.5% del evento vascular cerebral en el mundo. Sin embargo, la expresión fenotípica de la enfermedad en los países en desarrollo como México muchas veces es subestimada por múltiples factores, entre ellos la falta de sospecha de la enfermedad, la carencia de estudios diagnósticos y el patrón subclínico de la enfermedad. Desde hace más de 30 años se ha considerado a la población mexicana con un factor de riesgo de la aparición de fenómenos protrombóticos en sitios tradicionales; sin embargo, en la última década la prevalencia de trombosis venosa en sitios atípicos, como el sistema venoso cerebral, se ha incrementado. Por lo anterior, es importante para el médico no neurólogo el conocimiento de esta enfermedad, aparentemente no común, en nuestra población.

Abstract Cerebral venous thrombosis represents 0.5% of all strokes in the world. However, the phenotypic expression of the disease in developing countries such as Mexico is often underestimated by multiple factors, including low suspicion of the disease, lack of diagnostic studies and subclinical pattern of the disease. Since more than 30 years, Mexican population has been considered with a risk factor for the development of prothrombotic phenomena in traditional sites; however, in the last decade prevalence of venous thrombosis in atypical sites, such as the cerebral venous system, has increased dramatically, thus, it is mandatory for the non-neurologist physician to know about the disease, apparently uncommon in our population.

Homocistinuria, reporte de un caso / Homocystinuria, Case Report / Homocistinuria, relato de um caso

Resumen: En este artículo se presenta el caso de una niña de 13 años con historia de cefalea de 2 años de evolución, la cual ha sido estudiada por subluxación del cristalino y fenotipo marfonoide. Para llevar a cabo la investigación se realizó una tomografía cerebral simple que evidenció trombosis de varios senos cerebrales. Posteriormente se hospitalizó a la paciente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, mientras se anticoagulaba con enoxaparina. Se solicitó un estudio para trombofilia junto con homocisteina en sangre, ante la sospecha de homocistinuria. Luego de confirmarse el diagnóstico se recetó piridoxina y ácido fólico, con lo cual la paciente evolucionó de manera satisfactoria y recuperó las funciones perdidas. El seguimiento de este caso para la investigación permitió encontrar una disminución mayor del 20 % de la homocisteina, sin que sus niveles estuvieran por debajo de 50 µmol/L, hecho que hace a la paciente respondedora parcial a la piridoxina.

Abstract: This article presents the case of a 13-year-old girl with a 2-year history of headache, which has been studied for lens subluxation and Marfanoid phenotype. To carry out this research, a simple brain tomography was performed that showed thrombosis of several sinuses. Subsequently, the patient was hospitalized in the intensive care unit and anticoagulated with enoxaparin. A study was requested for thrombophilia along with homocysteine in blood, on suspicion of homocystinuria. After confirming the diagnosis, pyridoxin and folic acid were prescribed, with which the patient evolved satisfactorily and recovered lost functions. Follow-up on this case for the research allowed us to find a decrease in homocysteine greater than 20 %, without its levels being below 50 µmol/L, which makes the patient partially responsive to pyridoxine.

Resumo: Neste artigo, é apresentado o caso de uma menina de 13 anos, com história de cefaleia de dois anos de evolução, a qual tem sido estudada por subluxação do cristalino e fenótipo marfanoide. Para realizar a pesquisa, foi tomada uma tomografia cerebral simples que evidenciou trombose de vários seios cerebrais. Em seguida, a paciente foi internada na unidade de tratamento intensivo onde recebeu tratamento anticoagulante com enoxaparina. Foi solicitado um estudo para trombofilia junto com homocisteina em sangue, diante da suspeita de homocistinúria. Após o diagnóstico ter sido confirmado, foram receitados piridoxina e ácido fólico, com os quais o estado da paciente evoluiu de maneira satisfatória e ela recuperou as funções perdidas. O seguimento do caso para a pesquisa permitiu verificar uma diminuição maior de 20% da homocisteina, sem que seus niveis estivessem abaixo de 50 µmol/L, fato que torna a paciente apta parcialmente à piridoxina.

Neurological manifestations of Behçet's disease: Case report and literature review. / Manifestaciones neurológicas de la enfermedad de Behçet: descripción de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

Neurological involvement in Behçet's disease is rare, especially at the onset. It can present in the form of parenchymal changes or as damage to the vascular structures in its nonparenchymal form. The coexistence of both kinds of manifestations in the same patient is exceptional. We report the case of a 32-year-old patient with a history of deep venous thrombosis, who was being treated for holocranial headache, apathy, and oral and genital ulcers. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperintense lesions in the basal ganglia and white matter, and the vascular study evidenced venous thrombosis of the left transverse sinus. After confirming the diagnosis of Behçet's disease with parenchymal and nonparenchymal cerebral involvement, immunosuppressive and corticosteroid therapy was started, resulting in the remission of the symptoms.

Complicaciones neurológicas en la materna crítica / Neurological complications in critically ill pregnant women

Introducción: Las pacientes obstétricas pueden presentar numerosas complicaciones que ponen en peligro sus vidas con necesidad de ingreso en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínicamente las maternas críticas con complicaciones neurológicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras durante el período de enero de 2007 a diciembre de 2016. Para el análisis de los datos se efectuó el cálculo de frecuencias absolutas y relativas, se aplicaron medidas de tendencia central (media) y dispersión (rango) y para conocer la posible asociación entre las variables cualitativas se aplicó el Test de chi-cuadrado con una significación de p<0,05. Resultados: Las complicaciones neurológicas se presentaron en 33,3 por ciento de las pacientes, las más frecuentes fueron: eclampsia (65,7 por ciento), infarto cerebral (9,0 por ciento) y la trombosis venosa cerebral (8,6 por ciento). Las nulíparas (51,4 por ciento) y la edad mayor de 35 años (42,8 por ciento) fueron los factores de riesgo más observados. La hipertensión arterial fue el antecedente patológico personal principal y se evidenció asociación entre las complicaciones neurológicas y la causa directa de la muerte (p=0,00043). Conclusiones: Las complicaciones neurológicas fueron frecuentes en las maternas críticas y constituyen causa directa de muerte. Como complicación más frecuente se presentó la eclampsia(AU)

Introduction: Obstetric patients can present numerous complications that put in danger their lives, and they need of admission in intensive care units. Objective: To characterize in a clinical way the critically ill pregnant women with neurological complications. Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study was conducted in Hermanos Ameijeiras. Clinical-Surgical Hospital during the period from January, 2007 to December, 2016. There was carried out the calculation of absolute and relative frequencies for the analysis of the data; there were applied measures of central (average) trends and dispersion (range), and to know the possible association between the qualitative variables the Chi-square´s Test was performed with a significance of p < 0.05. Results: The neurological complications appeared in 33,3 percent of the patients and the most frequent were: eclampsia (65,7 percent), cerebral infarction (9,0 percent) and cerebral venous thrombosis (8,6 percent). Being a nulliparous women (51,4 percent) and age of more than 35 years (42,8 percent) were the most common risk factors. Arterial hypertension was the main pathological background and the association between the neurological complications and the direct cause of the death (p=0.00043) was demonstrated. Conclusions: The neurological complications were frequent in critically ill pregnant women and they constitute a direct cause of death. The most frequent complication was eclampsia(AU)